Effect of environment and genotype on rheological properties of flour and dough of winter wheat

Five winter wheat cultivars created in Small Grains Research Centre of Kragujevac (Ana Morava, Toplica, Vizija, Takovčanka and Lazarica) were grown at the macro field trial in three locations (Kragujevac, Sombor and Bačka Topola) during three years (2004-2006). Influence of environment (location and growing season) and genotype on rheological properties of flour and dough (water absorption, dough development time, dough stability time, dough weakness, and mixing tolerance index) were investigated. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among investigated cultivars (G), years (Y) and among their interactions (G x Y, G x L, Y x L, G x Y x L) for water absorption of flour. The strongest individual influence for water absorption had location (F=56.032**) and G x Y x L interaction (F=55.712**), and then year (F=45.069**). Farinograph properties have shown that wheat flour on average belonged to A2 and B1 quality group, what means that investigated cultivars had high technological quality

Effect of genotype and environment on wheat quality

Five winter wheat cultivars created in Small Grains Research Centre of Kragujevac (Ana Morava, Toplica, Vizija, Takovčanka and Lazarica) were grown at the macro field trial in three locations (Kragujevac, Sombor and Bačka Topola) during three years (2004-2006). Influence of genetic and agro-ecological conditions of locations on wheat quality components (sedimentation value and wet gluten content) was investigated. The analysis of variance suggested there were highly significant differences among genotypes (G), investigated years (Y) and locations (L) for sedimentation value and wet gluten content. Apart from individual influence of the factors, their interactions (G x Y, G x L, Y x L, G x Y x L) were also high significant for both investigated traits. In average the highest sedimentation value (40.6 ml) and wet gluten content (31.85 %) established at Backa Topola locality. The highest value of all investigated cultivars and localities established at cultivar Vizija (45.3 ml) in Bačka Topola, while the lowest at Lazarica (31.7 ml) in Sombor. The highest wet gluten content was measured at Bačka Topola locality by cultivar Toplica (38.53 %). In this investigation Bačka Topola locality was favourable for both investigated quality traits

Economic importance of use of pesticides in wheat production

Quality and productivity determined by genotypes and application of scientific farming measure in wheat production. The pesticides are contributing to achieving high yield of wheat which application. The aim of this work is economic analysis of pesticides application in wheat production. For analysis used collected data from 32 wheat producers in rural area of Republic Serbia. The results in included farms in this investigation showed that average area of wheat production was 1.6 ha with achieved average grain yield 3621 kg ha-1 and average costs 563.15 € per hectare. The average use of pesticides active ingredients was 892.5 g. Wheat producers applied the different amount of pesticides active ingredients: 646 g (72.44%) of herbicides, 231.7 g (25.96%) of fungicides and 14.3 g (1.60%) insecticides. The average plant protection costs by used pesticides were 70.30 euros ha-1, which was 12.48% of wheat production. The gain threshold computed was 319.54 kg ha-1. For achieving high economic output in wheat production is necessary apply right dose of pesticide, decrease costs of production and continuously provide education of farmers

The effect of fertilization and liming on some grain quality properties of wheat

The present research was carried out to investigate fertilizer and lime effect on some grain quality properties of wheat cultivars (thousand grain weight and hectoliter weight). The experiment was set up at the experimental field of the Small Grains Research Centre Kragujevac over 2003/2004-2004/2005 seasons. The soil was smonitza (vertisol) with very high natural acidity. The trial consisted of a completely randomized block experimental design with three replications, the size of each plot being 14 m-2. The research included six winter wheat varieties (Takovčanka, Studenica, KG-100, Matica, Ana Morava and Toplica) created in Small Grains Research Centre of Kragujevac. The following variants of fertilization were applied: Control -T1 (no fertilization), mineral fertilizer-T2 (500 kg ha-1 NPK – 15:15:15), nitrogen fertilizer + lime fertilizer-T3 (75 kg N ha-1 in form of KAN + 2.0 t ha-1 CaCO3 in form of "Njival Ca" - 98.5% CaCO3), mineral fertilizer + lime fertilizer–T4 (500 kg ha-1 NPK + 2.0 t ha-1 CaCO3), and mineral fertilizer + lime fertilizer + organic fertilizer –T5 (500 kg ha-1 NPK + 2.0 t ha-1 CaCO3 + 35.0 t ha-1 manure). The results showed significant influence of all kinds of fertilizers on the physical grain quality properties of wheat (thousand grain weight and hectoliter weight). The best results for both these components have been achieved with the combination of fertilizers (500 kg ha-1 NPK + 2.0 t ha-1 CaCO3 + 35.0 t ha-1 of manure). High values for thousand grain weight and hectoliter weight were also recorded in the application of NPK fertilizers only. The lowest value for this properties are achieved in the control treatment (no fertilizer), and then on the combined fertilizers (N + CaCO3)

Odnos fenoloških faza i prinosa zrna kod ozimog ječma u semiaridnim uslovima

Each yield component of barley is determined by developmental events during specific phenological phases. The number of spikes per unit area is established from tillering to jointing. The number of kernels per spike is established from jointing, i.e., it starts from double-ridge of apical meristem development and sets shortly after anthesis. Duration and rate of grain filling (GF) determines kernel weight. The objectives of this study were to examine the variation and relationships among phenology and yield components. Twenty-four winter barley cultivars were used in this investigation. The stage of leaf development of the main culm was referenced to the Haun scale. All phenological measurements were assessed using growing degree days (GDD) with a base temperature of 0˚C. The relationship between kernel weight and GDD accumulated from anthesis for each plot was determined by fitting the quadratic polynomial. The duration from planting to flag leaf elongation stage was 1223 GDD across two-rowed varieties and 1304 GDD across six-rowed varieties. The variety NS 519 had the shortest GF period (648 GDD), the variety Marinka the longest (940 GDD). GF rate was mainly determined by genotype (44.3% of total variation) and GxY interaction (31.1% of total variation). GF rate across two-rowed varieties was rather higher (7.251 mg 100 GDD-1) than across six-rowed varieties (6.395 mg 100 GDD-1). The duration of the vegetative and generative phases should be balanced, since neither too early nor too late a flowering will bring maximum yields. Our results show that the pre-heading period varied more than the GF period in the tested varieties. Selection for shorter vegetative period and longer GF period is recommended in the development of varieties for semiarid conditions of growing.Komponente prinosa ječma formiraju se u određenim fenološkim fazama: broj klasova tokom bokorenja, broj zrna po klasu tokom vlatanja pa do završetka cvetanja, a masa zrna od formiranja zrna do fiziološke zrelosti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi odnos između fenoloških faza i komponenti prinosa kod 24 sorte ozimog ječma. Faze razvoja lista glavnog stable određene su na osnovu skale po Haun-u. Kao vremenska skala kod fenoloških opažanja korišćena je suma temperatura većih od 0°C (GDD). Odnos između mase zrna i sume temperature u toku perioda rasta određen je pomoću kvadratne jednačine. Prosečna suma aktivnih temperatura od nicanja do pojave lista zastavičara bila je 1223 GDD kod dvoredih sorti i 1304 GDD kod šestoredih sorti ječma. Sorta NS 519 imala je najkraći (648 GDD) a sorta Marinka najduži period nalivanja zrna (940 GDD). Period nalivanja zrna uglavnom je zavisio od sorte (44,3% od ukupne varijanse) i interakcije GxY (31,1% od ukupne varijanse). Intenzitet nalivanje zrna kod dvoredih sorti (7.251 mg 100 GDD-1) bio je značajno veći nego kod šestoredih sorti (6,395 mg 100 GDD-1). Kako bi se ostvario maksimalan prinos i kvalitet, trajanje vegetativne faze, tokom koje se formira broj klasova i zrna, i generativne faze, tokom koje se formira veličina i masa zrna, treba da bude uravnotežen. Naši rezultati su pokazali da kod ječma u semiaridnim uslovima dužina perioda do klasanja varira više nego dužina perioda nalivanja zrna. Selekcija sorti sa kraćim vegetativnim periodom i dužim periodom nalivanja zrna preporučuje se prilikom izbora sorti namenjenih za gajenje u semiaridnim uslovima

Uticaj genotipa, azotne ishrane i vremenskih uslova na varijabilnost prinosa i kvalitet zrna kod jarog pivskog ječma

Production traits and grain quality of spring malting barley as the major raw material in malt and beer production were evaluated over a period of three years (2012–2014) in the region of Požarevac, Serbia. Four cultivars of two-rowed spring barley released in the Republic of Serbia (‘Novosadski 448’, ‘Novosadski 456’, ‘Dunavac’ and ‘Jadran’) were used. The objective of this research was to assess variability in grain yield and yield components in genetically divergent cultivars of two-rowed spring barley grown at different nitrogen application rates, as dependent on precipitation and air temperature during the growing season. The results showed significant variations in grain yield, yield components and grain protein content across genotypes (G), N application rates (N) and experimental years (E). Significant interdependence was found between grain yield and yield components. Increasing the N application rate up to 135 kg/ha had a positive effect on grain yield, plant height, number of spikes per unit area, spike length and grain protein content. Number of grains per spike and 1,000-kernel weight increased significantly at N application rates up to 105 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha, respectively.Tokom trogodišnjeg perioda (2012–2014) na području Požarevca (Srbija) proučavane su produktivne osobine i kvalitet zrna četiri sorte jarog dvoredog ječma, selekcionisane u Republici Srbiji („Novosadski 448ˮ, „Novosadski 456ˮ, „Dunavacˮ i „Jadranˮ), kao glavne sirovine u proizvodnji slada i piva. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se proceni varijabilnost prinosa zrna i komponenti prinosa genetički različitih sorti jarog dvoredog ječma pri različitim nivoima ishrane mineralnim azotom u zavisnosti od količina padavina i temperature vazduha tokom godine. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali na značajno variranje prinosa zrna, komponenti prinosa i sadržaja proteina u zrnu između genotipova ječma (G), primenjenih doza azota (N) i eksperimentalnih godina (E). Utvrđene su značajne međuzavisnosti između prinosa zrna i komponenti prinosa. Prinos zrna bio je u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa brojem klasova po m2, visinom biljke, brojem zrna po klasu, dužinom klasa i masom 1000 zrna. Povećanje primene azota do135 kg/ha je imalo pozitivan uticaj na prinos zrna, visinu biljke, broj klasova po jedinici površine, dužinu klasa i sadržaj proteina u zrnu. Broj zrna po klasu značajno se povećavao do doze od 105 kg/ha, a masa 1000 zrna do doze od 75 kg/ha

The inheritance of plant height in winter wheat -Triticum aestivum L.-

Four winter wheat varieties (Srbijanka, Partizanka, KG-56 and PKB-111) have been selected for diallel crossing in other to study the mode of inheritance, gene effect and genetic variance components for the plant height in F2 generation. Sixty plants of parents and F2 generation were used for analysis. The mode of inheritance was done on the basis of the significance of components of genetic variance and the regression analysis. The inheritance of plant height in the most crossing combinations was superdominance. The combining ability analysis was found to be highly significant, which means both additive and non-additive type of gene actions. The best general combining ability manifested KG-56 variety, and the best specific combining ability have shown hybrids KG-56 x PKB-111, Srbijanka x PKB-111 and Partizanka x KG-56. The genetic variance components, average degree of dominance and regression line indicated superdominance in the inheritance of plant height. The dominant alleles frequency was higher than recessive alleles frequency, which confirmed the ratio of dominant/recessive alleles

Similarity of cultivars of wheat (triticum durum) on the basis of composition of gliadin alleles

Djukic N., D. Knezevic, D. Horvat, D. Zivancev and A. Torbica (2011): Similarity of cultivars of wheat (Triticum durum) on the basis of composition of gliadin alleles. - Genetika, Vol 43, No. 3, 527- 536. Twenty one durum wheat cultivars originating from different world countries were investigated. Composition of gliadins was analyzed by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Allele composition of gliadins was determined on the basis of identified gliadin blocks. Polymorphisms of Gli-loci was established and 27 different gliadin alleles were identified, namely, 5 at Gli-A1, 4 at Gli-B1, 9 at Gli-A2 and 9 alleles at Gli-B2 locus. The catalogue of determined alleles was presented. Frequency of alleles ranged from 4.76% to 42.86%. Heterozygous Gli- loci were identified at two durum cultivars. Similarity among cultivars was studied on composition of Gli-alleles and presented by UPGMA dendogram. On the base of Gli-allele composition, similarity varied from 0% to 100%

Seed dry matter accumulation of wheat in different maturity stage

Dinamics of gathering of seed dry matter in divergent wheat cultivars in dependence of seed degree maturity were investigated. There were included 10 winter wheat cultivars (KG-56, Srbijanka, Lepenica, Ljubičevka, Oplenka, Jugoslavija, Nizija, Slavonija, Zagrepčanka and Baranjka). Investigated cultivars differentiated according to length of vegetative period. The investigation was carried out in microtrial on experimental field of Small Grains Research Centre, Kragujevac, on smonitza soil during two years. Spikes of these cultivars were sampled at four grain maturity stages (milk, early dough, full dough, and full physiological). The standard laboratory methods were used for determination seed dry matter content, seed water content and thousand-grain weight. The results presented in this work indicated that the degree of seed maturity influenced significantly on its dry matter content, water content and thousand-grain weight. In the course of seed maturity, the water concentration decreased and the dry matter content increased, because of accumulation of organic and inorganic matter in seed. This increasing is registered to full physiological maturity. The highest seed dry matter had Lepenica cultivar at full physiological phase and second growing season (91.94%), and the lowest Oplenka at milky stage and first season (27.40%). Thousand-grain weight was increased from milky to full dough stage, and then decreased in full physiological maturity. The highest value of this trait was found at full dough maturity in Oplenka cultivar (51.95g) and the lowest in milky stage at Baranjka cultivar (15.65g)

Assessing wheat performance using environmental information

The partial least squares (PLS) regression model was applied to wheat data set with objective to determining the most relevant environmental variables that explained biomass per plant and grain yield genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effects. The data set had 25 wheat genotypes (20 landraces + 5 cultivars) tested for 4 years in two different water regimes: rainfed and drought. Environmental variables such as maximum soil temperature at 5 cm in April and May, soil moisture in the top 75 cm in March, and sun hours per day in May accounted for a sizeable proportion of GEI for biomass per plant. Similar results were obtained for grain yield: maximum soil temperature at 5 cm in April, May and June, and sun hours per day in May were related to the factor that explained the largest portion (>38%) of the GEI. Generally, wheat landraces are able to better exploit environments with higher temperatures and lower water availability during vegetative growth (March-June) than cultivars